However, depending on its quality, magnitude and duration, the inflammatory response can be detrimental to tissue physiology ( Carvalho et al., 2010 Tidball and Villalta, 2010 Puntel et al., 2011). This leads to the trafficking of inflammatory cells to the exercised musculature where leukocytes initiate a repair response, that may be also associated with the trigger of signals involved in the adaptive response of the skeletal muscle to exercise ( Pizza et al., 2002 Suzuki et al., 2002 Chazaud et al., 2009 Tidball and Villalta, 2010 Paulsen et al., 2012). This response is activated by exercise-induced tissue disturbance (i.e., cell damage/stress and protein leakage) and the release of stress signals into the circulation.

The monocyte response mediated by hot water immersion may lead to the improvement of the inflammatory response evoked by exercise in the skeletal muscle.Ī local, acute inflammatory response is associated with long duration, unaccustomed exercise, and eccentric muscle action ( Peake et al., 2017 Cerqueira et al., 2020 Markus et al., 2021).

No effect of recovery by water immersion was observed for serum levels of creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase.Ĭonclusions: Recovery by hot-water immersion likely attenuated the leukocytosis and increased the mobilization of non-classical monocytes induced by a single session of exercise combining resistance and endurance exercises, despite no effect of water immersion on markers of skeletal muscle damage. The percentage of CD25 + cells in the CD4 T cell subpopulation was possibly lower after immersion in water at 28 and 15☌. Despite reduced monocyte count, recovery by 38☌ immersion, as well as 28☌, likely increased the percentage of non-classical monocytes in the blood. Magnitude effect analysis indicated that post-exercise hot-water immersion likely reduced the exercise-induced lymphocytosis and monocytosis. Results: Leukocytosis and increase in blood markers of skeletal muscle damage were observed after the exercise. The number of leukocyte populations and the percentage of lymphocyte and monocytes subsets, as well as the serum activity of creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase were determined. Blood samples were obtained before and immediately after exercise, after immersion, immediately before and after the performance test and 24 h after exercise. Four hours after exercise recovery, participants completed a performance test. In the control condition participants remained seated at room temperature. Methods: Eleven recreationally trained young men participated in four experimental sessions consisting of unilateral eccentric knee flexion and 90 min of treadmill running at 70% of peak oxygen uptake, followed by 15 min of water immersion recovery at 15, 28 or 38☌. Purpose: To investigate the effect of different water immersion temperatures on the kinetics of blood markers of skeletal muscle damage and the main leukocyte subpopulations. 9Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise and Sport Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.8School of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil.7Departament of Nutrition, Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil.6Departament of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.5Departament of Physical Education, Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil.4Graduate Program on Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil.3Faculdade de Sete Lagoas, Sete Lagoas, Brazil.2Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil.1Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil.Vinícius de Oliveira Ottone 1,2, Fabrício De Paula 1, Paula Fernandes Aguiar Brozinga 1, Mariana Aguiar de Matos 3, Tamiris Campos Duarte 4, Karine Beatriz Costa 1, Bruna Caroline Chaves Garcia 1, Thyago José Silva 2, Flavio De Castro Magalhães 1,5, Cândido Celso Coimbra 1,6, Elizabethe Adriana Esteves 1,7, Kelerson Mauro de Castro Pinto 8, Fabiano Trigueiro Amorim 9 and Etel Rocha-Vieira 1,2,4*

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